Monitoring execution of malicious commands

Auditd is an auditing utility native to Linux systems. It’s used for accounting actions and changes in a Linux endpoint.

In this use case, you configure Auditd on an Ubuntu endpoint to account for all commands executed by a given user. This includes commands run by a user in sudo mode or after changing to the root user. You configure a custom Wazuh rule to alert for suspicious commands.

Consider reading the Monitoring system calls section to get a broader picture of the ways to take advantage of it.

Infrastructure

Endpoint	Description
Ubuntu 22.04	On this endpoint, you configure Auditd to monitor the execution of malicious commands. Then, make use of the Wazuh CDB list lookup capability to create a list of potential malicious commands that can be run on it.

Configuration

Ubuntu endpoint

Perform the following steps to install Auditd and create the necessary audit rules to query all commands run by a privileged user.

Install, start and enable Auditd if it’s not present on the endpoint:

$ sudo apt -y install auditd
$ sudo systemctl start auditd
$ sudo systemctl enable auditd

As the root user, execute the following commands to append audit rules to /etc/audit/audit.rules file:

# echo "-a exit,always -F auid=1000 -F egid!=994 -F auid!=-1 -F arch=b32 -S execve -k audit-wazuh-c" >> /etc/audit/audit.rules
# echo "-a exit,always -F auid=1000 -F egid!=994 -F auid!=-1 -F arch=b64 -S execve -k audit-wazuh-c" >> /etc/audit/audit.rules

Reload the rules and confirm that they are in place:

# sudo auditctl -R /etc/audit/audit.rules
# sudo auditctl -l

-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S execve -F auid=1000 -F egid!=994 -F auid!=-1 -F key=audit-wazuh-c
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S execve -F auid=1000 -F egid!=994 -F auid!=-1 -F key=audit-wazuh-c

Add the following configuration to the Wazuh agent /var/ossec/etc/ossec.conf file. This allows the Wazuh agent to read the auditd logs file:
```
<localfile>
  <log_format>audit</log_format>
  <location>/var/log/audit/audit.log</location>
</localfile>
```
Restart the Wazuh agent:
```
$ sudo systemctl restart wazuh-agent
```

Wazuh server

Perform the following steps to create a CDB list of malicious programs and rules to detect the execution of the programs in the list.

Look over the key-value pairs in the lookup file /var/ossec/etc/lists/audit-keys.
```
audit-wazuh-w:write
audit-wazuh-r:read
audit-wazuh-a:attribute
audit-wazuh-x:execute
audit-wazuh-c:command
```
This CDB list contains keys and values separated by colons.

Note

Wazuh allows you to maintain flat file CDB lists which must be key only or key:value pairs. These are compiled into a special binary format to facilitate high-performance lookups in Wazuh rules. Such lists must be created as files, added to the Wazuh configuration, and then compiled. After that, rules can be built to look up decoded fields in those CDB lists as part of their match criteria. For example, in addition to the text file /var/ossec/etc/lists/audit-keys, there is also a binary /var/ossec/etc/lists/audit-keys.cdb file that Wazuh uses for actual lookups.
Create a CDB list /var/ossec/etc/lists/suspicious-programs and fill its content with the following:
```
ncat:yellow
nc:red
tcpdump:orange
```
Add the list to the <ruleset> section of the Wazuh server /var/ossec/etc/ossec.conf file:
```
<list>etc/lists/suspicious-programs</list>
```

Create a high severity rule to fire when a "red" program is executed. Add this new rule to the /var/ossec/etc/rules/local_rules.xml file on the Wazuh server.

<group name="audit">
  <rule id="100210" level="12">
      <if_sid>80792</if_sid>
  <list field="audit.command" lookup="match_key_value" check_value="red">etc/lists/suspicious-programs</list>
    <description>Audit: Highly Suspicious Command executed: $(audit.exe)</description>
      <group>audit_command,</group>
  </rule>
</group>

Restart the Wazuh manager:
```
$ sudo systemctl restart wazuh-manager
```

Attack emulation

On the Ubuntu endpoint, install and run a "red" program netcat:
```
$ sudo apt -y install netcat
# nc -v
```

Visualize the alerts

You can visualize the alert data in the Wazuh dashboard. To do this, go to the Threat Hunting module and add the filters in the search bar to query the alerts.

data.audit.command:nc